SAMSUNG GALAXY TAB 10 SPECIFICATION

GENERAL    

2G Network    GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
3G Network    HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100
 

SIM    Mini-SIM
Announced    2011, March
Status    Available. Released 2011, June
 

BODY    

Dimensions    256.7 x 175.3 x 8.6 mm (10.11 x 6.90 x 0.34 in)
Weight    565 g (1.25 lb)
 

DISPLAY   

 Type    PLS TFT capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors
Size    800 x 1280 pixels, 10.1 inches (~149 ppi pixel density)
Multitouch    Yes
Protection    Corning Gorilla Glass
     - TouchWiz UX UI
 

SOUND    

Alert types    N/A
Loudspeaker    Yes, with stereo speakers
3.5mm jack    Yes
 

MEMORY    Card slot    No
Internal    16/32/64 GB storage, 1GB RAM
DATA    GPRS    Class 12 (4+1/3+2/2+3/1+4 slots), 32 - 48 kbps
 

EDGE    Class 12
Speed    HSDPA, 21 Mbps; HSUPA, 5.76 Mbps
WLAN    Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, Wi-Fi Direct, dual-band, Wi-Fi hotspot
Bluetooth    Yes, v3.0 with A2DP
 

USB    Yes, v2.0
CAMERA    Primary    3.15 MP, 2048x1536 pixels, autofocus, LED flash, check quality
Features    Geo-tagging
 

Video    Yes, 720p, check quality
Secondary    Yes, 2 MP
 

FEATURES    OS    

Android OS, v3.1 (Honeycomb)
Chipset    Nvidia Tegra 2 T20
CPU    Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9
 

GPU    ULP GeForce
Sensors    Accelerometer, gyro, compass
Messaging    Email, Push Mail, IM, RSS
Browser    HTML, Adobe Flash
 

Radio    No

GPS    Yes, with A-GPS support
Java    Yes, via Java MIDP emulator
Colors    Black
     - SNS integration
- TV Out
- MP4/DivX/Xvid/H.264/H.263 player
- MP3/WAV/eAAC+/OGG player
- Organizer
- Image/video editor
- Quickoffice HD editor/viewer
- Google Search, Maps, Gmail,
YouTube, Calendar, Google Talk, Picasa integration
- Voice memo
- Predictive text input (Swype)

BATTERY         Standard battery, Li-Po 7000 mAh
Stand-by    Up to 2120 h (2G) / Up to 1840 h (3G)
Talk time    Up to 9 h

SAMSUNG GALAXY S3 SPECIFICATION

Dimension
136.6 x 70.6 x 8.6 mm
133g

Display
4.8 inch HD Super AMOLED
  (1280x720) display

Network/Bearer and
Wireless Connectivity
2.5G (GSM/ GPRS/ EDGE): 850 / 900 /
  1800 / 1900 MHz
3G (HSPA＋ 21Mbps): 850 / 900 /
  1900 / 2100 MHz
4G (Dependent on market)
 

Memory
16/ 32GB User memory (64GB available
   soon) ＋ microSD slot (up to 64GB)
 

Colour
Pebble Blue and Marble White
 

Services and Applications
S Beam, Buddy photo share, Share shot
AllShare Play, AllShare Cast (available soon)
Smart stay, Social tag, Group tag, Face zoom,
  

Face slide show
Direct call, Smart alert, Tap to top,
  Camera quick access
Pop up play
S Voice
Burst shot & Best photo, Recording snapshot,
  HDR
 

OS
Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
Battery
2,100 mAh
Connectivity
WiFi a/b/g/n, WiFi HT40
GPS/GLONASS
NFC
Bluetooth® 4.0(LE)
Audio and Video
Audio Codec: MP3, AMR-NB/WB, AAC/AAC＋/eAAC
  ＋, WMA, OGG, FLAC, AC-3, apt-X
Video Codec: MPEG4, H.264, H.263, DivX, DivX3.11,
  VC-1, VP8, WMV7/8, Sorenson Spark Recording &
  Playback: Full HD (1080p)
Camera
Main(Rear): 8 Mega pixel Auto Focus camera with
   Flash & Zero Shutter Lag, BSI
Sub (Front): 1.9 Mega pixel camera, HD recording
  @30fps with Zero Shutter Lag, BSI
Sensors
Accelerometer, RGB light, Digital compass,
  Proximity, Gyro, Barometer
Google™ Mobile Services
Google Search, Google Maps, Gmail, Google
  Latitude
Google Play Store, Google Play Books, Google Play
  Movies
Google Plus, YouTube, Google Talk, Google Places,
  Google Navigation, Google Downloads

TOP NAIJA CELEBRITIES DANCE TO EFA’S OPEN & CLOSE!!!

Several years ago, there were hardly any Nigerians who wouldn't dance to the music of the Rub-A-Dub veteran - Ras Kimono , especially to his
Natty Get Jail big tune. Recently, we've seen a big variety of dance moves to choose from – Awilo, Alanta, Etighi, Azonto, Alingo… including the
Classy rapper/ song writer EFA’s Open & Close dance move.

Catch some of the Top Naija celebrities setting the stage with this simple and very entertaining dance step. I’m sure you don’t want to be left out.

Here is the link

YouTube – http://youtu.be/KpUBjL

RUFFCOIN DROPS NEW VIDEO!!!

Ruffcoin’s recent video - The Way You Dance feat. 2Face was a big hit followed by Be My Lady feat. Iyanya another big tune, generating
loads of airplay. Today, Ruffcoin from the Big A Entertainment drops brand new video – NWABA [THE REMIX], directed by WDB and shot
by Brian Childs in the United States.

Japan, London, Dallas, Spain, Australia, Germany, Holland, Japan, VI… Everywhere you go you see Umu Aba.

Follow on twitter @ruffcoinnwaba

Here is the link

YouTube – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0zGJfj8dfc
Mobile download - http://bit.ly/Xv0JKb

CHUDDY K DROPS NEW VIDEO!!!

Gaga Crazy went viral having tons of airplay. It was also nominated for Song of the Year 2012 at the Headies Awards.

SQN Music presents - BRAZILIAN HAIR, one of the biggest musical videos of the year, infused into a club banging tune.

Brazilian Hair is a very entertaining video if not the most entertaining video you’ve recently seen by the one and only CK;
not Calvin Klein but Chuddy K, directed by Catalyst of 35170.

Follow on twitter @itschuddyk

Here is the link

YouTube – http://youtu.be/An55llZPrzU
Mobile download - http://bit.ly/SLniHg

iROKING | Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Blog



PHYNO DROPS NEW VIDEO!!!

If you think you saw it all from the pictures of Phyno’s video shoot, think again because it’s nothing compared to the main video.
Phyno drops GHOST MODE video feat. OLAMIDE.

Presented to you by Sputnet Records/ Penthauze, Ghost Mode is a Capital Dreams Picture. Hard core beats, ethereal concept
and mind blowing scenery… This music is off the hook.

Follow on twitter @phynofino

Here are the links

YouTube – http://youtu.be/N7m2F-vTtX4
Mobile download - http://bit.ly/SDANaC

iROKING | Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Blog



INTRODUCING ELIXY AND HIS NEW TRACK!!!

Uche UGMA Elisha aka Elixy drops new track – MAMA MU EE.

Elixy started singing about 2 years ago with the Glo Rock n Rule tour wit d likes of flavor, Terry G, Martins and the late Mc Loph (RIP).
In 2011, he dropped his debut single - IGBORO and later shot the video, a Capital Dreams production.

Follow on twitter @elixy2002

PS: FIND ATTACHED ART COVER

HERE IS THE TRACK LINK

http://iroking.com/track/9704/mama-mu-ee

DIRECTIONS TO EMBED

Select the track link
Click the ‘embed’ button
Choose ‘light’ or ‘dark’ theme
CHOOSE BETWEEN AUTOMATIC OR MANUAL ‘PLAY’
Copy and paste the HTML link onto website

iROKING | Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Blog


IBB Benefit Concert 2012: Davido, Iyanya, Dammy Krane Perform Live Powered by iROKING
iROKING, Africa’s number 1 digital music platform and the internationally - recognised Greensprings school in Lekki are joining together on Saturday 8th December 
to raise money for the education of orphans.

The school’s International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IBDP) has organised a concert tagged “Let’s Make The World A Better Place” and will feature popular acts
like “Kukere” Master Iyanya, “Dami Duro” master Davido, Dammy Krane and Ajebutter.

For the event, students will be encouraged to try out their own music skills and the top five participants will have the chance to have their photo taken with top celebrities
and the iROKING team.

 Michael Ugwu, CEO of iROKING says: “This is going to be a great event – it’s amazing to see young people get together to raise money for an important cause and they
are bringing their passion, which is music, into the mix. iROKING is really excited to be involved with Greensprings school and we hope that people come down and support”.

The iROKING team will be on ground on the day with handouts for students, staff and visitors at the IBB Concert. Tickets are on sale at the gate for N3000 for regular and N2000
for students with I.D Cards. You don’t want to miss this, support a good cause, support IBDP, support iROKING.com

iROKING is West Africa’s number one music distribution platform, with over 35,0000 tunes from 400 artists. The company also manages the YouTube channels of over 80
artists, delivering 15 million video views on average a month and over 130,000,000 views across its pages.

iROKING | Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Blog 

MBEYA DAY DIAMOND JUBILEE ANNIVERSARY

MBEYA DAY DIAMOND JUBILEE ANNIVERSARY
(1962 - 2012)
Maadhimisho ya miaka 50 ya Mbeya Day Secondary School yatafanyika shuleni
Mbeya Day Tarehe 15 Dec 2012. Mgeni Rasmi atakuwa mwana Mbeya Day
mwenzetu Ndugu Nehemia Kyando Mchechu.
Kwa wana Mbeya Day tulioko Dar na maeneo ya jirani tukutane Jumatatu, tarehe
10 Dec 2012 saa 11 - 2 jioni pale Jumba la Makumbusho ya Taifa opposite chuo
cha IFM, mtaa wa Shaaban Robert Dar es Salaam. Lengo kubwa ni kuelimishana
na kuchangia ujenzi wa maabara na nyumba za walimu pale shuleni.
Kwa maelezo zaidi tuma e-mail bmahenya@yahoo.com, 0716 954 840 au kwa
Mkuu wa Shule 0784 842037, 0787 842037.
Usikiapo tangazo hili tafadhali wataarifu wengine!
NAJIVUNIA KUWA MWANA MBEYA DAY!

OMAWUMI DROPS NEW VIDEO!!!

Omawumi drops the classy video for her new single Stay Alive [Je Je Laye] from the stables of 

OMA Records and a GodFather Production.

Awesome video by this lovely diva keeping you glued from start to finish.

“…God does not sleep and He will make a way…”

Follow on twitter @Omawumi

Here is the link

YouTube - http://youtu.be/LmEFU5uFkBE

iROKING | Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Blog

TONTO DIKEH FT. TERRY G IN CRAZICALLY FIT!!!

iROKING Music Player Launches with exclusive new track from Tonto Dikeh and Terry G

Discovery of new music just got even easier

iROKING today launches a new music player that allows any of its 35,000+ songs on www.iroking.com to  be embedded directly onto any blog or entertainment website around the world. The first song available on the new music player is the much-anticipated collaboration between Nollywood star and singer, Tonto Dikeh and the incredible Terry G. Their brand new track,Crazically Fit, brought to you by TGP Entertainment, comes with a studio sessions video and is available to download via iROKING NOW!

The new player, from the home of online African music, is set to further enhance new music discovery in the digital sphere, and allows recording artists to concentrate their time and efforts on making, rather than distributing music.

The new iROKING player, available as of Monday 3 December comes with a host of customisable features. Bloggers and web editors have total control of how they want to share new music on their sites and can choose from different colour themes (light or dark), as well as opt between manual or automatic play of the embedded track. Once embedded on a website, listeners can share the track via Facebook and Twitter and, where available, can also download the song for free. 

The online music industry in Nigeria is booming, with bloggers keen to stream new releases directly on their sites the minute they come out.  With the advent of the iROKING music player, they are now able to do this easily and, importantly, legally.

Michael Ugwu, CEO of iROKING says: “It has never been so easy for lovers of Afrobeats, on the continent and across the Diaspora, to access brand new music as the iROKING player brings new tunes straight to their favourite blogs and music sites. And for artists, they can focus on their talent and creating good music as those signed to us have less to worry about when it comes to digital distribution of their music”.

“This music player is a super cool addition to the iROKING suite and further entrenches us as the digital distribution infrastructure partner of choice for the African music industry.”

iROKING’s extensive network of blog partners also no longer has to worry about downloading and uploading songs as a simple embed code is now provided, which eases their blog posting process. The embed process is simple:

Choose a track on www.iroking.com

Click the ‘embed’ button

Choose ‘light’ or ‘dark’ theme

Choose between automatic or manual ‘play’

Copy and past the HTML link onto website

Ugwu concludes: “We are always fine-tuning our online tools to further support legal and accessible digital distribution and we hope our fans love this new feature – they should keep an eye out for more player features coming very soon.”

iROKING is West Africa’s number one music distribution platform, with over 35,0000 tunes from 400 artists. The company also manages the YouTube channels of over 80 artists, delivering 15 million video views on average a month and over 130,000,000 views across its pages.

Follow on twitter @Tontolet  @TERRYGZUS    

PS: FIND ATTACHED ART COVER

Here are the links

iROKING EMBED LINK - http://iroking.com/track/9676/crazically-fit-ft-terry-g#

YouTube – http://youtu.be/6kWCPaL_YNk

Mobile Studio Session Clip Download - http://bit.ly/TDqVik

iROKING | Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Blog

PICHA ZA NGONO ZA KANGA MOJA

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA OF 1977

 

Seeccttiioo nn 11
·  Chapter 1
The United Republic, Political Parties, the People and the Policy of
Socialism and Self Reliance
Seeccttiioo nn 22
·  Chapter 2:
The executive of the United Republic
Seeccttiioo nn 33
·  Chapter 3:
The Legislature of the United Republic
Seeccttiioo nn 44
·  Chapter 4-6:
Chapter 4: The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, the Zanzibar
Revolutionary Council and the House of Representatives of Zanzibar
Chapter 5: The High Court of the United Republic, the Judicial Service
Commission for Mainland Tanzania, the High Court of Zanzibar, the
Court of Appeal of the United Republic and the Special Constitutional
court of the United Republic
Chapter 6:The Permanent Commission of Enquiry and the Ethics
Secretariat
Seeccttiioo nn 55
·  Chapter 7-10
Chapter 7: Provision Regarding the Finances of the United Republic
Chapter 8: Local Government Authorities
Chapter 9: Armed Force
Chapter 10: Miscellaneous Provisions

JB MPIANA (WENGE BCBG) WAKIFANYA YAO LEADERS CLUB

The Real Difference Between Boys and Girls

As a good postfeminist-era mom, I certainly didn't push my son toward trucks and my daughter toward tutus. If anything, I went out of my way to avoid giving them gender-stereotyped toys, offering glittery finger paint to my son and trains to my daughter. But it didn't matter: My son turned his doll's crib into a race car and my daughter was obsessed with shoes.

Even though I'm a psychologist who specializes in early education, it took having kids to make me realize that sex differences aren't just the stuff of Brady Bunch reruns. In fact, one study found that when 18-month-old boys and girls were shown pictures of a doll and a vehicle, for example, most of the girls opted for the doll, while the majority of the boys chose the vehicle. And while 18 months is old enough to have been influenced by stereotyped gifts, research suggests that many of the differences we see are evident from birth, and may even be hardwired. And that's just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to gender research. To see what else I unearthed, read on. Do you recognize your little XY or XX babe in what the science says?

It's a Boy!
If you've got a James or Brian at home, you've probably already learned that boys love action -- watching it and being a part of it (hint: stock up on Band-Aids!). But they're also more emotional than the stereotypes give them credit for. Here, some of the milestones and traits you can look forward to as your little man grows:

They like motion. According to psychologists at the University of Cambridge in England, boys prefer to watch mechanical motion over human motion. When they gave 12-month-old boys the choice of looking at people talking or windshield wipers moving, you can guess which the tots picked. And it turns out that baby boys are more adept at keeping track of moving objects; recent research shows that boys are about two months ahead of girls when it comes to figuring out the laws of motion (that if you roll a ball under a couch, say, it will take a few seconds to pop out on the other side).

They've got the moves. You know that old saying, "Girls are talkers, boys are walkers"? Well, it's only half true. Girls do talk first, but boys are likely to start walking -- and hit all the major motor milestones -- around the same time as girls. It's easy to see how this misconception arose: Boys squirm, kick, and wiggle more than their female counterparts. To wit, according to new research, infant boys are more likely to end up in the ER for injuries. But all that activity does not pay off in meeting early-childhood milestones any sooner. (Boys' gross motor skills do take off, however, during the preschool years, at which point they outpace their female peers in most measures of physical ability.)

They're more emotional than you think. There is some evidence that boys tend to be more easily agitated than girls and have a harder time self-soothing. According to one study, even when 6-month-old boys appeared as calm as the girls in the face of frustration, measures of heart rate and breathing suggested that they were actually experiencing greater distress.

They love a crowd. Boys prefer looking at groups of faces (future teammates, perhaps?) rather than individual ones. In fact, given the choice, newborn boys would rather look at a mobile than a single face.

They're (comparatively) fearless. Boys express fear later than girls, and less often. According to a recent survey, the parents of boys ages 3 to 12 months were much less likely than the parents of girls the same age to report that their child startles in response to loud noises or stimuli. Another study revealed that when moms made a fearful face as their 12-month-olds approached a toy, the boys disregarded the mom and went for the plaything anyway. Girls slowed their approach.

MAZISHI YA HUSSEIN (SHARO MILIONEA)

SHARO MILIONEA HATUNAE TENA DUNIANI

Msanii wa Maigizo na Muimbaji Sharo Milionea amefariki Dunia kwenye ajali akiwa anatokea Dar kuelekea Tanga njiani Muheza ndipo alipo pata ajali.

Kiss of my Love

Your beauty overwhelms me
As I wrap my arms around you
I press your softness tight
Great passion fills my inner being
I'm captured in your embrace
Your eyes control my very soul
The touch of your lips, heaven
Forever frozen in time
All else fades into nothing

LOVE STORY SMS

Love Means... (a girl and guy were speeding over 100 mph on a motorcycle)
Girl: Slow down. I'm scared.
Guy: No this is fun.
Girl: No its not. Please, it's too scary!
Guy: Then tell me you love me.
Girl: Fine, I love you. Slow down! Guy: Now give me a big hug. (Girl hugs him)
Guy: Can you take my helmet off and put it on? It's bugging me.
In the paper the next day: A motorcycle had crashed into a building because of break failure. Two people were on the motorcycle, but only one survived. The truth was that halfway down the road, the guy realized that his breaks broke, but he didn't want to let the girl know. Instead, he had her say she loved him, felt her hug one last time, then had her wear his helmet so she would live even though it meant he would die.

MC SMITH OCHENDO DROPS NEW VIDEO & AUDIO TRACK!!!

Nollywood actor Mc Smith Ochendo drops new musical video – ONYE EZE FEAT. MARVELOUS BENJI.

Onye Eze is a Grant Amehin Films production, powered by One Unit Media, presented to you by Guru Recordz. Mc Smith proves he
is indeed a multi-talented act with this great video. Awesome collaboration with Marvelous Benji .

Enjoy.

PS: FIND ATTACHED ART COVER

Check out video link

YouTube - http://youtu.be/6uwVgUjE8-c

Here are the audio links

iROKING -  http://iroking.com/track/9147/mc-smith-ochendo
Download -  http://bit.ly/SohDmU

EBEN DROPS NEW TRACK!!!

Emmanuel Benjamin aka Eben or Mr. Phenomenon drops new track – ALL THE WAY Feat. Lord E.

Only a few days ago he released the video for this awesome gospel track - All The Way, which is presented to you by Hammer House Records.
Now fans can get to have the MP3 slamming on the site and downloaded onto their mobiles.

“…we go dey hail, hail your name, day by day, all the way…”

Enjoy!

Follow on twitter @eben4u

Here are the links

YouTube - http://youtu.be/QGhkvggAwqo
iROKING -  http://iroking.com/track/9149/all-the-way
Download -  http://bit.ly/UoJ7bV

RUFFCOIN DROPS NEW TRACK!!!

Emelogu Muruako Fortune aka Ruffcoin or Nwa Aba from the Big A Entertainment drops new track – BE MY LADY feat. Iyanya.

A few months ago, Ruffcoin came out with a video – The Way You Dance Ft. 2Face getting loads of views and airplay. Be My Lady would is
another big tune that will get you rocking it slow on the dance floor, be it azonto, etighi or makossa.

“…we go take am slow, close the door…”

Enjoy!

Follow on twitter @ruffcoinnwaba

Here are the links

YouTube - http://youtu.be/0AdwCpOTNmc
iROKING -  http://iroking.com/track/9150/be-my-lady
Download -  http://bit.ly/T18oMs

Manual on hate speech

In multicultural societies, which are characterised by a
variety of cultures, religions and lifestyles, it is sometimes
necessary to reconcile the right to freedom of expression
with other rights, such as the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion or the right to be free from discrimination.
This reconciliation can become a source of
problems, because these rights are all fundamental elements
of a “democratic society”.
The European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter the
Court) has therefore affirmed that freedom of expression
as guaranteed under article 10 of the European Convention
on Human Rights (hereinafter the Convention or ECHR)
“constitutes one of the essential foundations of such a society,
one of the basic conditions for its progress and for the
development of every man.”
But however vast the scope of freedom of expression,
some restrictions to the exercise of this right may in some
circumstances be necessary. Unlike the right to freedom
of thought (inner conviction or forum internum), the right
to freedom of expression (external manifestation or forum
externum) is not an absolute right. The exercise of this freedom
carries with it certain duties and responsibilities and is
subjected to certain restrictions as set out in article 10(2) of
the ECHR, in particular those that concern the protection
of the rights of others.
The European Court has always affirmed that “it is particularly
conscious of the vital importance of combating racial
discrimination in all its forms and manifestations.” Thus,
Handyside v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 7 December 1976,
Series A No. 24, para. 49.
Jersild v. Denmark [GC], judgment of 23 September 1994, Series A
No. 298, para. 30. To emphasise this statement, the Court refers,
Introduction
Manual on hate speech
it has emphasised in various judgments “that tolerance and
respect for the equal dignity of all human beings constitute
the foundations of a democratic, pluralistic society. That being
so, as a matter of principle it may be considered necessary
in certain democratic societies to sanction or even prevent
all forms of expression which spread, incite, promote
or justify hatred based on intolerance (including religious
intolerance), provided that any “formalities”, “conditions”,
“restrictions” or “penalties” imposed are proportionate to
the legitimate aim pursued.”
The challenge that the authorities must face is therefore to
find the correct balance between the conflicting rights and
interests at stake.
Conflicting rights and interests
Several rights, equally protected by the Convention, can
compete in this regard. The right to freedom of expression
can thus be limited by the right to freedom of thought,
conscience or religion. Confronted with attacks on religious
beliefs the European Court of Human Rights has highlighted
that the question involves “balancing the conflicting
interest that result from exercising those two fundamental
freedoms: on the one hand, the applicant’s right to communicate
his ideas on religious beliefs to the public, and,
on the other hand, the right of other persons to respect of
their right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.”
In some circumstances, freedom of expression can also be
a threat to the right to respect of privacy. And, finally, there
is the risk of conflict between freedom of expression and
the interdiction of all forms of discrimination in those cases
where exercising this freedom is used to incite hatred and
shows the characteristics of “hate speech”.
in its decision Seurot v. France (dec.), No. 57383/00, 18 May 2004,
to the ECRI’s statute, more precisely to “the text of resolution
Res(2002)8 of the Committee of Ministers on the statute of the
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
which aims to reinforce the action of the ECRI, convinced of
the need to take firm and sustained action at European level to
combat the phenomena of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and
intolerance.”
Gündüz v. Turkey, No. 35071/97, para. 40, CEDH 2003-XI, and
Erbakan v. Turkey, No. 59405/00, para. 56, 6 July 2006.
Aydın Tatlav v. Turkey, No. 50692/99, para. 26, 2 May 2006.
Introduction
The concept of “hate speech”
No universally accepted definition of the term “hate speech”
exists, despite its frequent usage. Though most States have
adopted legislation banning expressions amounting to “hate
speech”, definitions differ slightly when determining what
is being banned. Only the Council of Europe’s Committee
of Ministers” Recommendation 97(20) on “hate speech”
defined it as follows: “the term “hate speech” shall be understood
as covering all forms of expression which spread,
incite, promote or justify racial hatred, xenophobia, anti-
Semitism or other forms of hatred based on intolerance,
including: intolerance expressed by aggressive nationalism
and ethnocentrism, discrimination and hostility against minorities,
migrants and people of immigrant origin.” In this
sense, “hate speech” covers comments which are necessarily
directed against a person or a particular group of persons.
The term is also found in European case-law, although the
Court has never given a precise definition of it. The Court
simply refers in some of its judgments to “all forms of
expression which spread, incite, promote or justify hatred
based on intolerance (including religious intolerance).” It
is important to note that this is an «autonomous» concept,
insofar as the Court does not consider itself bound by the
domestic courts” classification. As a result, it sometimes
rebuts classifications adopted by national courts or, on the
contrary, classifies certain statements as “hate speech”, even
when domestic courts ruled out this classification.
The concept of “hate speech” encompasses a multiplicity of
situations:
Gündüz v. Turkey, op. cit, para. 40; Erbakan v. Turkey, op. cit.,
para. 56.
See, for example, Gündüz v. Turkey: unlike the domestic courts,
which classified the applicant’s statements as hate speech, the
Court is of the opinion that the statements made cannot be regarded
as such (op. cit., para. 43).
See to that effect, Sürek v. Turkey [GC], No. 26682/95, ECHR
1999-IV: the Court concluded in this instance that there had been
hate speech, whereas the applicant had not been convicted of
incitement to hatred but of separatist propaganda, since the domestic
courts considered that there were no grounds for convicting
him of incitement to hatred.
According to the Committee
of Ministers, hate speech
covers all forms of expression
which spread, incite,
promote or justify racial
hatred, xenophobia, anti-
Semitism or other forms of
hatred based on intolerance.
Manual on hate speech
– firstly, incitement of racial hatred or in other words,
hatred directed against persons or groups of persons
on the grounds of belonging to a race;
– secondly, incitement to hatred on religious grounds,
to which may be equated incitement to hatred on the
basis of a distinction between believers and non-believers;
– and lastly, to use the wording of the Recommendation
on “hate speech” of the Committee of Ministers of the
Council of Europe, incitement to other forms of hatred
based on intolerance “expressed by aggressive nationalism
and ethnocentrism”.
Although the Court has not yet dealt with this aspect,
homophobic speech also falls into what can be considered
as a category of “hate speech”.
The classification of certain statements as “hate speech”
has several consequences. Thus, according to the Court
“there can be no doubt that concrete expressions constituting
“hate speech”, which may be insulting to particular
individuals or groups, are not protected by Article 10 of the
Convention.” On the other hand, according to recent judgments,
the fact that certain expressions do not constitute
“hate speech”, is an essential element to be take into consideration
in determining whether the infringements to the
right of freedom of expression are justified in a democratic
society.10 The concept of “hate speech” therefore allows to
draw a dividing line between those expressions that are excluded
from Article 10 of the ECHR and are not covered by
freedom of expression or are not justified with regard to the
second paragraph of Article 10, and those which, as they are
not considered as constituting “hate speech”, consequently
can be tolerated in a democratic society.
Insofar as “hate speech” is therefore an element that the
Court takes into consideration, the question arises as to
See on this point the report “Homophobia and Discrimination on
Grounds of Sexual Orientation in the EU Member States
Part I – Legal Analysis” (European Union Agency for Fundamental
Rights), June 2008, and the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue
adopted at the 118st session of the Committee of Ministers,
7 May 2008, para. 133.
Gündüz v. Turkey, op. cit., para. 41.
10 Ergin v. Turkey (No. 6), No. 47533/99, para. 34, 4 May 2006.
Introduction
when an expression can be classified as “hate speech”. And
yet, in the absence of a precise definition, how can “hate
speech” be identified?
Identification criteria
The identification of statements that could be classified
as “hate speech” seems all the more difficult because this
kind of speech does not necessarily manifest itself through
expressions of “hatred” or emotions. “Hate speech” can be
concealed in statements which at a first glance may seem
to be rational or normal. Nevertheless, it is possible to
distil from the applicable texts in this matter and from the
principles found in the case-law of the European Court
of Human Rights or other bodies, certain parameters for
distinguishing expressions which, though they are of an
insulting nature, are fully protected by the right to freedom
of expression from those that do not enjoy such protection.

THE KING'S SPEECH

CARD:
1925
King George V reigns over a quarter of the world’s
population.
He asks his second son, the Duke of York, to give the closing
speech at the Empire Exhibition in Wembley, London.
INT. BBC BROADCASTING HOUSE, STUDIO - DAY
CLOSE ON a BBC microphone of the 1920's, A formidable piece
of machinery suspended on springs.
A BBC NEWS READER, in a tuxedo with carnation boutonniere, is
gargling while a TECHNICIAN holds a porcelain bowl and a
towel at the ready. The man in the tuxedo expectorates
discreetly into the bowl, wipes his mouth fastidiously, and
signals to ANOTHER TECHNICIAN who produces an atomizer. The
Reader opens his mouth, squeezes the rubber bulb, and sprays
his inner throat. Now, he’s ready.
The reader speaks in flawless pear-shaped tones. There’s no
higher creature in the vocal world.
BBC NEWS READER
Good afternoon. This is the BBC
National Programme and Empire
Services taking you to Wembley
Stadium for the Closing Ceremony of
the Second and Final Season of the
Empire Exhibition.
INT. CORRIDOR, WEMBLEY STADIUM - DAY
CLOSE ON a man's hand clutching a woman's hand.
Woman’s mouth whispers into man's ear.
BBC NEWS READER (V.O.)
58 British Colonies and Dominions
have taken part, making this the
largest Exhibition staged anywhere
in the world. Complete with the new
stadium, the Exhibition was built
in Wembley, Middlesex at a cost of
over 12 million pounds. The
Exhibition has attracted over 27
million visitors from every corner
of our great Empire and the rest of
the world.
INT. CONTROL ROOM, BBC BROADCASTING HOUSE - DAY
Technicians in suits, ties and scientific looking overcoats,
wearing bulky headphones, monitor daunting banks of valves
and dials while the Reader continues:
BBC NEWS READER (V.O.)
Today the vast Stadium is filled to
capacity with in excess of 100,000
spectators...as regiments from His
Majesty's Army, Navy and Air Force
stand in review.
INT. GREEN ROOM - DAY
Nervous eyes flick towards a tunnel leading to a bright
light.
CLOSE ON - BERTIE - the Duke of York, second son of the King;
his handsome, sensitive, features look terrified.
BBC NEWS READER (V.O.)
The Opening Ceremony was the first
occasion his Majesty the King
addressed his subjects on the
wireless. The close of the first
Season was the initial time His
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales
had broadcast. And today His Royal
Highness the Duke of York will give
his inaugural broadcast to the
Nation and the World.
WIDEN TO REVEAL his young wife, truly an English rose.
ELIZABETH
Time to go.
He stares straight ahead, frozen. She gives him a loving
peck on the cheek, quickly rubbing off a fleck of lipstick.
BBC NEWS READER (V.O.)
Leading us in prayer will be the
Right Honourable and Most Reverend
Archbishop of York, Primate of all
England and Metropolitan. Now we go
live to Wembley Stadium, where His
Royal Highness the Duke of York
will read his message from the
King.
COSMO LANG - comes up to Bertie. Tries to be helpful but
makes him more nervous.
COSMO LANG
I am sure you will be splendid.
Just take your time.
2
The last bars of “God Save The King” echo down the corridor.
ROBERT WOOD, the Chief BBC Engineer on Location whispers:
WOOD
Let the microphone do the work,
sir.
Wood checks his watch.
WOOD (CONT’D)
Thirty seconds, sir.
Bertie braces his shoulders manfully, but without an ounce of
confidence, closes his eyes, nods, opens them, and
reluctantly goes through the tunnel towards the light, like a
prize-fighter entering the arena, to be greeted by the roar
of the crowd.
EXT. ROYAL PODIUM - DAY
HAND-HELD CAMERA, BERTIE’S POV: far ahead, at a seemingly
impossible distance, is the huge intimidating microphone, the
only thing between the terrified observer and 100,000 people.
Silence falls over the stadium.
Overhead, thick roiling clouds.
BERTIE approaches...like a death march.
Bertie’s eyes widen in terror as he reaches the microphone.
The red transmission light blinks four times then glows solid
red. Bertie is live.
INT. CONTROL ROOM, BBC BROADCASTING HOUSE - DAY
Technicians stare at dials and listen to the hiss of silence.
The Reader and Floor Manager glance at each other nervously.
EXT. SPECTATOR STAND, EMPIRE STADIUM -DAY
In the tense silence PAN THROUGH some of the crowd waiting
with growing discomfort. In particular we notice a father
and son watching intently.
EXT. ROYAL PODIUM - DAY
Bertie is frozen at the microphone. His neck and jaw muscles
contract and quiver.